PLA Definition, Applications, and Different Types

PLA (Polylactic Acid) is a bioplastic that is produced from plant starches using a sustainable process. The synthesis of PLA is most commonly done via ring-opening polymerization. PLA is biodegradable under appropriate conditions and is generally regarded as food safe since it decomposes back into its lactic acid building blocks, which are non-toxic.

PLA is widely used in medical devices, food packaging, injection molding, and additive manufacturing (3D printing) applications. PLA can be divided into three different main sub-families, namely: PDLLA (poly DL-lactic acid), PLLA (poly(L-lactic acid), and PDLA (poly(D-lactic acid)). These three sub-groups of PLA have the same chemical makeup but differ in their 3-dimensional molecular structure. 

PLA is an opaque plastic suitable for making medical components as well as for prototyping applications. PLA is a high-strength but brittle plastic that cannot be used in applications that experience shock loads. The lactic acid building blocks of PLA can be made from fermented plant starch, like corn, under controlled conditions. It takes less energy to produce PLA than petroleum-based thermoplastics, making it relatively eco-friendly. PLA is often regarded as being biodegradable. However, it must be noted that PLA does not degrade naturally in the environment and must be composted under a special set of conditions such as a temperature of at least 60 °C, and humidity of 90 % which must be maintained over a period of 60 to 90 days. PLA decomposes into carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and water. 

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